Setup and Config
Getting and Creating Projects
Basic Snapshotting
Branching and Merging
Sharing and Updating Projects
Inspection and Comparison
Patching
Debugging
External Systems
Server Admin
Guides
- gitattributes
- Command-line interface conventions
- Everyday Git
- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
- Glossary
- Hooks
- gitignore
- gitmodules
- Revisions
- Submodules
- Tutorial
- Workflows
- All guides...
Administration
Plumbing Commands
- 2.43.1 → 2.47.0 no changes
- 2.43.0 11/20/23
- 2.40.1 → 2.42.3 no changes
- 2.40.0 03/12/23
- 2.37.3 → 2.39.5 no changes
- 2.37.2 08/11/22
- 2.34.1 → 2.37.1 no changes
- 2.34.0 11/15/21
- 2.32.1 → 2.33.8 no changes
- 2.32.0 06/06/21
- 2.31.1 → 2.31.8 no changes
- 2.31.0 03/15/21
- 2.29.1 → 2.30.9 no changes
- 2.29.0 10/19/20
- 2.25.1 → 2.28.1 no changes
- 2.25.0 01/13/20
- 2.24.1 → 2.24.4 no changes
- 2.24.0 11/04/19
- 2.22.1 → 2.23.4 no changes
- 2.22.0 06/07/19
- 2.20.1 → 2.21.4 no changes
- 2.20.0 12/09/18
- 2.14.6 → 2.19.6 no changes
- 2.13.7 05/22/18
- 2.10.5 → 2.12.5 no changes
- 2.9.5 07/30/17
- 2.5.6 → 2.8.6 no changes
- 2.4.12 05/05/17
- 2.3.10 09/28/15
- 2.1.4 → 2.2.3 no changes
- 2.0.5 12/17/14
Raw output format
The raw output format from "git-diff-index", "git-diff-tree", "git-diff-files" and "git diff --raw" are very similar.
These commands all compare two sets of things; what is compared differs:
- git-diff-index <tree-ish>
-
compares the <tree-ish> and the files on the filesystem.
- git-diff-index --cached <tree-ish>
-
compares the <tree-ish> and the index.
- git-diff-tree [-r] <tree-ish-1> <tree-ish-2> [<pattern>…]
-
compares the trees named by the two arguments.
- git-diff-files [<pattern>…]
-
compares the index and the files on the filesystem.
The "git-diff-tree" command begins its output by printing the hash of what is being compared. After that, all the commands print one output line per changed file.
An output line is formatted this way:
in-place edit :100644 100644 bcd1234 0123456 M file0 copy-edit :100644 100644 abcd123 1234567 C68 file1 file2 rename-edit :100644 100644 abcd123 1234567 R86 file1 file3 create :000000 100644 0000000 1234567 A file4 delete :100644 000000 1234567 0000000 D file5 unmerged :000000 000000 0000000 0000000 U file6
That is, from the left to the right:
-
a colon.
-
mode for "src"; 000000 if creation or unmerged.
-
a space.
-
mode for "dst"; 000000 if deletion or unmerged.
-
a space.
-
sha1 for "src"; 0{40} if creation or unmerged.
-
a space.
-
sha1 for "dst"; 0{40} if creation, unmerged or "look at work tree".
-
a space.
-
status, followed by optional "score" number.
-
a tab or a NUL when
-z
option is used. -
path for "src"
-
a tab or a NUL when
-z
option is used; only exists for C or R. -
path for "dst"; only exists for C or R.
-
an LF or a NUL when
-z
option is used, to terminate the record.
Possible status letters are:
-
A: addition of a file
-
C: copy of a file into a new one
-
D: deletion of a file
-
M: modification of the contents or mode of a file
-
R: renaming of a file
-
T: change in the type of the file
-
U: file is unmerged (you must complete the merge before it can be committed)
-
X: "unknown" change type (most probably a bug, please report it)
Status letters C and R are always followed by a score (denoting the percentage of similarity between the source and target of the move or copy). Status letter M may be followed by a score (denoting the percentage of dissimilarity) for file rewrites.
<sha1> is shown as all 0’s if a file is new on the filesystem and it is out of sync with the index.
Example:
:100644 100644 5be4a4a 0000000 M file.c
Without the -z
option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are
quoted as explained for the configuration variable core.quotePath
(see git-config[1]). Using -z
the filename is output
verbatim and the line is terminated by a NUL byte.
diff format for merges
"git-diff-tree", "git-diff-files" and "git-diff --raw"
can take -c
or --cc
option
to generate diff output also for merge commits. The output differs
from the format described above in the following way:
-
there is a colon for each parent
-
there are more "src" modes and "src" sha1
-
status is concatenated status characters for each parent
-
no optional "score" number
-
tab-separated pathname(s) of the file
For -c
and --cc
, only the destination or final path is shown even
if the file was renamed on any side of history. With
--combined-all-paths
, the name of the path in each parent is shown
followed by the name of the path in the merge commit.
Examples for -c
and --cc
without --combined-all-paths
:
::100644 100644 100644 fabadb8 cc95eb0 4866510 MM desc.c ::100755 100755 100755 52b7a2d 6d1ac04 d2ac7d7 RM bar.sh ::100644 100644 100644 e07d6c5 9042e82 ee91881 RR phooey.c
Examples when --combined-all-paths
added to either -c
or --cc
:
::100644 100644 100644 fabadb8 cc95eb0 4866510 MM desc.c desc.c desc.c ::100755 100755 100755 52b7a2d 6d1ac04 d2ac7d7 RM foo.sh bar.sh bar.sh ::100644 100644 100644 e07d6c5 9042e82 ee91881 RR fooey.c fuey.c phooey.c
Note that combined diff lists only files which were modified from all parents.
Generating patches with -p
When "git-diff-index", "git-diff-tree", or "git-diff-files" are run
with a -p
option, "git diff" without the --raw
option, or
"git log" with the "-p" option, they
do not produce the output described above; instead they produce a
patch file. You can customize the creation of such patches via the
GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF
and the GIT_DIFF_OPTS
environment variables.
What the -p option produces is slightly different from the traditional diff format:
-
It is preceded with a "git diff" header that looks like this:
diff --git a/file1 b/file2
The
a/
andb/
filenames are the same unless rename/copy is involved. Especially, even for a creation or a deletion,/dev/null
is not used in place of thea/
orb/
filenames.When rename/copy is involved,
file1
andfile2
show the name of the source file of the rename/copy and the name of the file that rename/copy produces, respectively. -
It is followed by one or more extended header lines:
old mode <mode> new mode <mode> deleted file mode <mode> new file mode <mode> copy from <path> copy to <path> rename from <path> rename to <path> similarity index <number> dissimilarity index <number> index <hash>..<hash> <mode>
File modes are printed as 6-digit octal numbers including the file type and file permission bits.
Path names in extended headers do not include the
a/
andb/
prefixes.The similarity index is the percentage of unchanged lines, and the dissimilarity index is the percentage of changed lines. It is a rounded down integer, followed by a percent sign. The similarity index value of 100% is thus reserved for two equal files, while 100% dissimilarity means that no line from the old file made it into the new one.
The index line includes the SHA-1 checksum before and after the change. The <mode> is included if the file mode does not change; otherwise, separate lines indicate the old and the new mode.
-
Pathnames with "unusual" characters are quoted as explained for the configuration variable
core.quotePath
(see git-config[1]). -
All the
file1
files in the output refer to files before the commit, and all thefile2
files refer to files after the commit. It is incorrect to apply each change to each file sequentially. For example, this patch will swap a and b:diff --git a/a b/b rename from a rename to b diff --git a/b b/a rename from b rename to a
combined diff format
Any diff-generating command can take the -c
or --cc
option to
produce a combined diff when showing a merge. This is the default
format when showing merges with git-diff[1] or
git-show[1]. Note also that you can give the -m
option to any
of these commands to force generation of diffs with individual parents
of a merge.
A combined diff format looks like this:
diff --combined describe.c index fabadb8,cc95eb0..4866510 --- a/describe.c +++ b/describe.c @@@ -98,20 -98,12 +98,20 @@@ return (a_date > b_date) ? -1 : (a_date == b_date) ? 0 : 1; } - static void describe(char *arg) -static void describe(struct commit *cmit, int last_one) ++static void describe(char *arg, int last_one) { + unsigned char sha1[20]; + struct commit *cmit; struct commit_list *list; static int initialized = 0; struct commit_name *n; + if (get_sha1(arg, sha1) < 0) + usage(describe_usage); + cmit = lookup_commit_reference(sha1); + if (!cmit) + usage(describe_usage); + if (!initialized) { initialized = 1; for_each_ref(get_name);
-
It is preceded with a "git diff" header, that looks like this (when
-c
option is used):diff --combined file
or like this (when
--cc
option is used):diff --cc file
-
It is followed by one or more extended header lines (this example shows a merge with two parents):
index <hash>,<hash>..<hash> mode <mode>,<mode>..<mode> new file mode <mode> deleted file mode <mode>,<mode>
The
mode <mode>,<mode>..<mode>
line appears only if at least one of the <mode> is different from the rest. Extended headers with information about detected contents movement (renames and copying detection) are designed to work with diff of two <tree-ish> and are not used by combined diff format. -
It is followed by two-line from-file/to-file header
--- a/file +++ b/file
Similar to two-line header for traditional unified diff format,
/dev/null
is used to signal created or deleted files.However, if the --combined-all-paths option is provided, instead of a two-line from-file/to-file you get a N+1 line from-file/to-file header, where N is the number of parents in the merge commit
--- a/file --- a/file --- a/file +++ b/file
This extended format can be useful if rename or copy detection is active, to allow you to see the original name of the file in different parents.
-
Chunk header format is modified to prevent people from accidentally feeding it to
patch -p1
. Combined diff format was created for review of merge commit changes, and was not meant for apply. The change is similar to the change in the extended index header:@@@ <from-file-range> <from-file-range> <to-file-range> @@@
There are (number of parents + 1)
@
characters in the chunk header for combined diff format.
Unlike the traditional unified diff format, which shows two
files A and B with a single column that has -
(minus — appears in A but removed in B), +
(plus — missing in A but
added to B), or " "
(space — unchanged) prefix, this format
compares two or more files file1, file2,… with one file X, and
shows how X differs from each of fileN. One column for each of
fileN is prepended to the output line to note how X’s line is
different from it.
A -
character in the column N means that the line appears in
fileN but it does not appear in the result. A +
character
in the column N means that the line appears in the result,
and fileN does not have that line (in other words, the line was
added, from the point of view of that parent).
In the above example output, the function signature was changed
from both files (hence two -
removals from both file1 and
file2, plus ++
to mean one line that was added does not appear
in either file1 or file2). Also eight other lines are the same
from file1 but do not appear in file2 (hence prefixed with +
).
When shown by git diff-tree -c
, it compares the parents of a
merge commit with the merge result (i.e. file1..fileN are the
parents). When shown by git diff-files -c
, it compares the
two unresolved merge parents with the working tree file
(i.e. file1 is stage 2 aka "our version", file2 is stage 3 aka
"their version").
other diff formats
The --summary
option describes newly added, deleted, renamed and
copied files. The --stat
option adds diffstat(1) graph to the
output. These options can be combined with other options, such as
-p
, and are meant for human consumption.
When showing a change that involves a rename or a copy, --stat
output
formats the pathnames compactly by combining common prefix and suffix of
the pathnames. For example, a change that moves arch/i386/Makefile
to
arch/x86/Makefile
while modifying 4 lines will be shown like this:
arch/{i386 => x86}/Makefile | 4 +--
The --numstat
option gives the diffstat(1) information but is designed
for easier machine consumption. An entry in --numstat
output looks
like this:
1 2 README 3 1 arch/{i386 => x86}/Makefile
That is, from left to right:
-
the number of added lines;
-
a tab;
-
the number of deleted lines;
-
a tab;
-
pathname (possibly with rename/copy information);
-
a newline.
When -z
output option is in effect, the output is formatted this way:
1 2 README NUL 3 1 NUL arch/i386/Makefile NUL arch/x86/Makefile NUL
That is:
-
the number of added lines;
-
a tab;
-
the number of deleted lines;
-
a tab;
-
a NUL (only exists if renamed/copied);
-
pathname in preimage;
-
a NUL (only exists if renamed/copied);
-
pathname in postimage (only exists if renamed/copied);
-
a NUL.
The extra NUL
before the preimage path in renamed case is to allow
scripts that read the output to tell if the current record being read is
a single-path record or a rename/copy record without reading ahead.
After reading added and deleted lines, reading up to NUL
would yield
the pathname, but if that is NUL
, the record will show two paths.